My Observation At Oakwood Methodist Preschool - 1693 Words

I conducted my observation at Oakwood Methodist Preschool on May 9, 2016 at 9:30 in the morning and 3:00 in the afternoon. The child I observed was a 16-month old female that I did have previously relations too. I use to work at Oakwood Methodist as an Extended Care Teacher. I use to care for Baby M in the infant room. During the observation there were two teachers, and 7 infants. The room that the observation took place in had many toys such as: balls, bouncers, walkers, rattles, and soft plush books. There was also a play mat where all the toys were, and two rocking chairs in the room. During this observation I focused on 6 different developmental domains. In my paper I am going to discuss perception, motor skills, cognitive ability, communication/language, social skills, and emotions. Perception is how the infant incorporates his/her 5 senses into what they are exploring, and reacting too. During my observation Baby M reacted to sights, sounds, and touching. According to the book haptic perception is â€Å"perception of the properties of an object using touch† (Fogel, 2011. PG 152). Baby M placed the balls and teethers directly in her mouth to get a better idea or perception of what the toy was. Although she is at the age where she knew what each toy was she still explored it using her mouth. Baby M also showed signs of auditory development by listening to what the caregiver was saying to her and responding with positive emotions when told to do something. The second domain

Definition and Examples of Diachronic Linguistics

Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through different periods in history. Diachronic linguistics is one of the two main temporal dimensions of language study identified by Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure in his Course in General Linguistics (1916). The other is synchronic linguistics. The terms diachrony  and synchrony  refer, respectively, to an evolutionary phase of language and to a language state.  In reality, says  Thà ©ophile Obenga, diachronic and synchronic linguistics interlock (Genetic Linguistic Connections of Ancient Egypt and the Rest of Africa, 1996). Observations Diachronic literally means across-time, and it describes any work which maps the shifts and fractures and mutations of languages over the centuries. In gross outline, it is similar to evolutionary biology, which maps the shifts and transformations of rocks. Synchronic literally means with-time, though etymology is misleading here, since Saussures term describes an atemporal linguistics, linguistics which proceeds without time, which abstracts away from the effects of the ages and studies language at a given, frozen moment.(Randy Allen Harris, The Linguistic Wars. Oxford University Press, 1993) Diachronic Studies of Language vs. Synchronic Studies - Diachronic linguistics is  the historical study of language, whereas synchronic linguistics is the geographic study of language. Diachronic linguistics refers to the study of how a language evolves over a period of time. Tracing the development of English from the Old English period  to the twentieth century is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language is a comparison of languages or dialects—various spoken differences of the same language—used within some defined spatial region and during the same period of time. Determining the regions of the United States in which people currently say pop rather than soda and idea rather than idear are examples of the types of inquiries pertinent to a synchronic study.(Colleen Elaine Donnelly,  Linguistics for Writers. State University of New York Press, 1994)-  Most of Saussures successors accepted the synchronic-diachronic distinction, which still survives robustly in twenty-first-century linguistics. In practice , what this means is that it is accounted a violation of principle or linguistic method to include in the same synchronic analysis evidence related to diachronically different states. So, for example, citing Shakespearean forms would be regarded as inadmissible in support of, say, an analysis of the grammar of Dickens. Saussure is particularly severe in his strictures upon linguists who conflate synchronic and diachronic facts.(Roy Harris, Linguists After Saussure. The Routledge Companion to Semiotics and Linguistics, ed. by Paul Cobley. Routledge, 2001) Diachronic Linguistics and Historical Linguistics   Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Language change is one of the subjects of historical linguistics, the subfield of linguistics that studies language in its historical aspects. Sometimes the term  diachronic linguistics is  used instead of historical linguistics, as a way of referring to the study of language (or languages) at various points in time and at various historical stages. (Adrian Akmajian, Richard A. Demer, Ann K. Farmer, and Robert M. Harnish,  Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication, 5th ed. The MIT Press, 2001)     For many scholars who would describe their field as historical linguistics, one legitimate target of research involves a focus not on change(s) over time but on the synchronic grammatical systems of earlier language stages. This practice can be called (not unrevealingly) old-time synchrony, and it has made its mark in the form of numerous studies providing synchronic analyses of particular syntactic constructions, word-formation processes, (morpho)phonological alternations, and the like for individual earlier (pre-modern or at least early modern) stages of languages. . . . Gaining as much synchronic information as possible about an earlier stage of a language must surely be viewed as a necessary prerequisite for doing serious work on the diachronic development of a language . . .. Nonetheless, pursuing the synchrony of earlier language states solely for the sake of (synchronic) theory-building.., as worthy a goal as it may be, does not count as doing historical linguistics in the literally dia-chronic (through-time) sense that we wish to develop here. At least in a technical sense, then, diachronic linguistics and historical linguistics are not synonymous, because only the latter includes research on old-time synchrony for its own sake, without any focus on language change. (Richard D. Janda and Brian D. Joseph, On Language, Change, and Language Change. The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, ed. by B. D. Joseph and R. D. Janda. Blackwell, 2003)

Essay about History of Human Services - 1589 Words

History of Human Services HHS 201: Introduction to Human Services Instructor: Tykeysha Boone August 20, 2012 It is common for people to expect something in return for helping someone out or providing them with a specific service. It is also very common for people to expect to have to give up something in return for asking for help or specific services. While not everyone believes that those who are in need should be helped, there are opposing positions which feel that reform is a way to retract and counteract the situation the for the person in need. In order to get a better understanding of what is needed in the present time, we must first learn and understand how and why people of the western culture helped others through human†¦show more content†¦There are four issues within the cycle of helping in the American society which connects to all types of situations and circumstances of people. The cycles consist of welfare reform, treatment of mental illness, juvenile justice, and criminal justice. With all of these issues, they prove the influence of human services which are of precedence of the spotlight and should be addressed accordingly. Welfare: * Welfare is considered as Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF) and according to Mandell amp; Schram (2012) welfare provides a good example of the cycles of reform (pg 43). * Since welfare and other safety net programs were cut back, the criminal justice system expanded, causing the United States to have the highest incarceration rate on the planet which is five times the world’s average (pg 43). (Mandell amp; Schram, 2012) Mental Illness: * Mental illness can be diagnosed only by observing. * The imprecision of the diagnosis of schizophrenia, for example, is illustrated by a study done by thirteen psychology researchers where they all presented themselves at the doors of various mental hospitals telling them they heard voices, with the outcome of each being discharged with a diagnosis of schizophrenic on remission. * There are an uneven number of people of color inShow MoreRelatedHistory Of Human Services At The World1362 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Human Services Bradley Amo HHS 201-Introduction to Human Services Instructor Roche 8/10/2014 History of Human Services Human services in the world is a very important duty to perform since, there are many programs that are not being funded by governments and so many people are living in poverty around the world that simply cannot afford human service help. However, it is the responsibility of the human service worker to try and help those in need that are not able to afford servicesRead MoreHuman Service Course History Paper1447 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Service Course History Paper Nikki Boswell Western Washington University â€Æ' Introduction The year is 2015 and I can’t imagine not having the freedom I do today. Marriage equality is a very recent topic in history. It wasn’t very long ago that laws prohibited the marriage of same-sex couples. I have decided to investigate the history of marriage equality and the organizations that helped make the dream come true. In order to fully understand the changes that occurred, and to comprehend the levelRead MoreEssay on Intro to Human Services1296 Words   |  6 Pages1 Describe human services from the early 1900s to the present day. 2 Throughout History Human Services made a big impact and a difference in our society as we know it today. Through the sociological era in the 1900s many were faced with challenges such as financial support for the poor and no support or guidance for the children, developmentally disabled and the mentally ill. Human Services make positive and lasting differences in peoples lives, and they help improve the world. The earlyRead MoreHuman Services Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pagesdefining and delivering services to those in need.   Human Services now takes its place among the field of professionals administering aid. Follow us as we explore this growing and developing field with a group of college students pursuing a Human Services Leadership Degree online through the University of Wisconsin.   Their diversity, exhibited in both their individual and professional aspirations, gives us a glimpse into this exciting and emerging career path. What is Human Services? This question canRead MoreWhat Is Human Services?1119 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of phoenix | What is Human Services? | | | Tina CooperBSHS/302 | 11/21/2010Kristie Hilton | | What is Human Services? Everyone at some point in their lives needs help. This help could range from help with their bills to help with adequate shelter or even help with everyday living skills. No matter what the reason is for the help, it is an inevitable that people need it. In these times of need, people may wonder who they can turn to for help. This question often goesRead MoreEssay on Regulatory Agency1189 Words   |  5 PagesDepartment of Health and Human Services (DHHS) is one of the many agencies that handle an array of healthcare departments as well as research. The DHHS caters to citizens of all nationalities, race, and ethnicities. The DHHS focus is to protect the health of all Americans and providing the highest level of human services, especially for those who are least able to help themselves. The Public Health Service is divided into 42 subdivisions (Department of Health and Human Services, 2007). This paper willRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States1603 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduct ion The history of enslaving humans for the benefit of labor, sex, and financial gain runs deep and parallel to the existence of civilization. While a small portion of the history of slavery reflects a more humane and less brutal treatment of those in servitude, such as the Babylonian slaves of 18th century BC who were permitted to own land; contrastingly, most slavery practices historically have been established in a foundation of violence and control, such as the slaves of ancient GreeceRead MoreTuskegee1630 Words   |  7 Pagesturn of the 20th century the most unspeakable appalling atrocities against human beings was The Tuskegee Syphilis Study. One of the most horrendous breaches of ethics in The United States history is Tuskegee’s studies and associated research. . The study and the publicity that surrounded the study was one of the major influences leading to the organized arrangement of laws, rules and principles of the ethical treatment for human beings. Examples of which include; informed consent, patients personalRead MoreUtilizing Online Social Networking Sites Essay1111 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Networking Business and Human Services organizations all over the world try to look for different ways to improve and be successful. One of the ways organizations have been able to maintain success is by networking and linking themselves with similar organizations. A website that provides organizations with this type of networking is LinkedIn. In week two I was given the task to research and understand why such sites as LinkedIn help human service organizations stay connected with theirRead MoreA Brief Note On Agency Visit : Thresholds And Hrdi1334 Words   |  6 Pages Agency Visit: Thresholds HRDI Darius L Riggins Chicago State University Dr. Shirlyn Garrett ] For the past 56 years, Thresholds has been providing rehabilitation service for former patients that have been released from psychiatric institutions find a community after hospitalization. Thresholds has been a name in the mental health field since 1959. Thresholds is known as the first agency of its kind in Illinois, and one of just seven in the entire nation (About Thresholds).

Civil Law of Stigma Discrimination and Prejudice †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Stigma Discrimination and Prejudice. Answer: Corrigan, (2016) explains that discrimination refers to unjust or unfair treatment towards a person on a thing or some status based on social factors such as race, gender and health condition among other factors. Prejudice on the other hand refers an opinion that is held by people that is not actually based on actual evidence or experience. Prejudice mainly results from preconceived myths, misconceptions and stereotypes. Stigma is commonly known to be disgrace that is expressed to people due to unfair circumstances affecting them. This paper explores stigma, discrimination and prejudice towards people with mental health conditions. Some of the major prejudicial attitudes and discrimination towards people with mental health issues fear and avoidance, incompetency and benevolence. In a bid to examine fear and an avoidance attitude, it is clear that people with mental health conditions are sometimes engaged in dangerous activities. Many communities thus tend to associate people with mental health issues with some of these dangerous involvements. Associating these people with dangerous activities then makes many people avoid interacting and associating with such people with mental health conditions. According to Parcesepe and Cabassa, (2013) incompetency is another major perspective that is held by many people towards people with mental health issues. This incompetency ranges from inability to make sound decisions and judgments, in various aspects of life such as budgeting for their finances and also doing personal duties. People with this prejudice tend to form an authoritarian attitude to those people claiming that they cant manage their lives. This makes these people to treat people with mental health issues with suspicion who in turn lead to limitation of their freedom and rights. Boyd, Otilingam, and DeForge, (2014) benevolence refers to the prejudice of making people with mental health illnesses as children who require care and attention. This is linked with a belief of very little or no hope of recovery in the patient. This in turn yields sympathy to people with such illnesses and a general belief of the incapability that one is really exposed to. People with this prejudice towards mental health patients tend to treat them with a lot of suspicion, excessive pity and a feeling that they are burdened to lead these patients and cater for everything in their entire lives. Causes of stigma There are several causes of stigma both from the individual and from the society an individual patient comes from. In other words, a patient may have low self esteem due to the various prejudices that are associated with mental health conditions. esteem issues in an individual and lack of self acceptance may cause someone to struggle with esteem and cause stigma where an individual excludes themselves from others and often encloses themselves due to fear of associating with others and being treated as mad or raise benevolent concerns among the people (Gela and Corrigan, 2014). Various religions such as Christianity and Islam have more than often associated sicknesses and suffering as a consequence of sin and failure to heed to the religion decrees and practices. As a matter of fact, mental health is seen as a curse and more closely, Christians usually elude mental health illnesses with the possession of demons. This plays a vital role in the creation of stigma towards people with the mental health. Carter, Shimkets and Bornemann, (2014) in some traditional communities, mental health illnesses have also had various stereotypes and prejudices regarding mental health illnesses. Some of the major stereotypes in the traditional setup include deficiencies. People with mental health illnesses are seen as incomplete and lacking in socialization skills, societal values and traditions. Traditionalists have also seen mental health patients as to be possessed with evil spirits. There are also several prejudices that associate the illnesses with sin. These have argued that mental health illnesses are a punishment from the gods due to misconduct towards the community. Lack of moral and ethical standards are also characterized as some of the major causes of these prejudicial beliefs that cause stigma to mental health patients. Pescosolido, (2013) has argued that Illiteracy and lack of sufficient education is also a major cause of stigma where individuals have little or no knowledge about the mental health conditions. Many individuals are ignorant about attending to learn and research on mental health conditions and tend to perpetuate and spread ideas related to prejudice and stereotype. As a matter of fact, some people fail to recognize mental health illness as related to health and still relate it to cultural concerns and base explanations of cause and effect that is caused by evil spirits. There are also people who actually understand health concerns of the illness but still tend to stereotype and provide base arguments to feed their assertions. Consequences of stigma Rogers and Pilgrim, (2014) explains that there are several consequences of stigma resulting both from self and public stigma. These consequences can be classified into physical, psychological and social consequences. Stigma is such a bad vice that causes people to feel hurt hated and it also forms other negative effects. In a bid to focus on the psychological effects of stigma, one may begin by saying that stigma causes fear in individuals where individuals fail to turn up to the general public and health centers to seek help fearing that they might be misunderstood and mistreated once people notice that they are suffering from mental health issues. Hatred is another psychological consequence of stigma on people with mental health illnesses. In major countries in the middle east and Asia, mental health illnesses is treated with a lot of suspicion and family members often fear disclosing their mental health conditions to the general public. In contrast, family members may tend to outcast the patient and disown him or her. The family members try to prevent associating with the patient. Lack of association with the patient may make the patient to develop withdrawal symptoms that makes the individual to become truant, withdrawn and the patient may even resolve to suicide as they dread hatred and being disowned by their family members. Koenig, and Eagly, (2014) the biggest social effect of stigma is discrimination. Discrimination may occur in major aspects of life that the person is involved with. A person may be denied access to services that he or she may qualify for such as jobs, leadership, judicial processes and social concerns. This comes about with the labeling that the people who have mental health illnesses are of unsound mind. This makes them to be seen as though incapacitated and lacking a level of intelligence that is necessary to live normally. Physical impacts of stigma may impact in the face of challenges that result from the consequences of psychological and social effects of stigma. These may take form of other illnesses that may develop due to lack of help and support to people with the illness. Individuals living on medication and suffering from mental illness may fail to take medication as required by the health officers and end up developing other conditions. Serious economic impacts can also result from stigma on mental health where it is costly to heal the society of neglected care, support and timely attention to people with mental health illnesses. Boyd, J. E., Adler, Otilingam and Peters, (2014) holds that a major economic concern is dependency which may stem up when a person finally becomes incapacitated or is exempted from family roles. The rest of his family members become dependent on the society and other organs for survival. This raises dependence levels weakening a countrys economy. Effects of stigma impact on the patients recovery According to Mestdagh and Hansen, (2014) effects of stigma cause consequences that impact to the patients recovery process. This manifests itself in the sense that patients as a consequence of stigma may develop worse conditions than the mental health due to lack of exposure and timely help. Patients who try to commit suicide may develop amnesia and other health and social conditions such as stress, trauma and depression. This requires the act of counselors in the healing process to intervene in order to help the patients to develop feelings self worth, self respect and appreciation of self. In the recovery of a mental health patient, stigma may also slow the process since stigma develops even in the healing process. This continued stigma may cause more stress and depression on the person which makes the person develop various other psychological disorders that slow the healing process in the individual. People may fail to really appreciate and recognize that one is healing or improving from the condition and continue stereotyping the individual which causes negative feelings towards the patient and their family. Health practitioners may also have a hard time dealing with a patient whose condition has worsened because of keeping silent about their conditions. Health officers may tend to complain to the patient and fail to show required love and concern to the patient. This makes the patients to develop negative feelings towards health workers and may often result to them developing even more serious conditions (Corrigan, 2015, November). In conclusion, stigma and prejudice are classified as the main challenge affecting the people living with mental health conditions. It is therefore necessary that people should make lots of efforts in order to eliminate prejudice in the society in order to help people with mental health illness to get the relevant attention to heal and enjoy lives. References Boyd, J. E., Adler, E. P., Otilingam, P. G., Peters, T. (2014). Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) scale: a multinational review.Comprehensive psychiatry,55(1), 221-231. Boyd, J. E., Otilingam, P. G., DeForge, B. R. (2014). Brief version of the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) scale: Psychometric properties and relationship to depression, self esteem, recovery orientation, empowerment, and perceived devaluation and discrimination.Psychiatric rehabilitation journal,37(1), 17. Carter, R., Shimkets, R. P., Bornemann, T. H. (2014). Creating and Changing Public Policy to Reduce the Stigma of Mental Illness.Psychological Science in the Public Interest,15(2), 35-36. Corrigan, P. (2015, November). Impact of Disclosure on Erasing the Stigma of Mental Illness. In2015 APHA Annual Meeting Expo (Oct. 31-Nov. 4, 2015). APHA. Corrigan, P. W. (2016). Lessons learned from unintended consequences about erasing the stigma of mental illness.World Psychiatry,15(1), 67-73. Gela, N. R., Corrigan, P. W. (2014). The stigma of families with mental illness.Family problems: Stress, risk, and resilience, 33. Koenig, A. M., Eagly, A. H. (2014). Extending role congruity theory of prejudice to men and women with sex-typed mental illnesses.Basic and Applied Social Psychology,36(1), 70-82.